Pre-existing minor variants with NS5A L31M/V-Y93H double substitution are closely linked to virologic failure with asunaprevir plus daclatasvir treatment for genotype 1b hepatitis C virus infection.

BackgroundL31 and Y93 in the NS5A region of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most important substitution positions associated with resistance to direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment.MethodsWe analyzed the frequency of NS5A L31M/V and Y93/H in NS5A inhibitor-naive HCV genotype 1 patients who received asunaprevir plus daclatasvir combination tr

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Future needs for ship emission abatement and technical measures

Clothing The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has revised air pollution regulations in MARPOL Annex VI.In 2012 Emission Control Areas (ECA) will limit fuel sulphur content to 1% and from 2015 to 0.1%).NOx emissions based on ships engine speed are also reduced for new vessels (2012 & 2016).Facing this legislation, ship owners have the alter

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